Perthes Disease

Perthes Disease

Perthes disease is a rare childhood condition that affects the hip. It occurs when the blood supply to the rounded head of the femur (thighbone) is temporarily disrupted. Without an adequate blood supply, the bone cells die, a process called avascular necrosis.

Although the term "disease" is still used, Perthes is really a complex process of stages that can last several years. As the condition progresses, the weakened bone of the head of the femur (the "ball" of the "ball-and-socket" joint of the hip) gradually begins to break apart. Over time, the blood supply to the head of the femur returns and the bone begins to grow back.

Treatment for Perthes focuses on helping the bone grow back into a more rounded shape that still fits into the socket of the hip joint. This will help the hip joint move normally and prevent hip problems in adulthood.

The long-term prognosis for children with Perthes is good in most cases. After 18 months to 2 years of treatment, most children return to daily activities without major limitations.

The hip is a "ball-and-socket" joint. The rounded head of the femur easily fits into the cup-shaped acetabulum to allow for a wide range of motion.

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Ankylosing Spondylitis

DEFINITION
Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory disease that can cause some of the vertebrae in your spine to fuse together. This fusing makes the spine less flexible and can result in a hunched-forward posture. If ribs are affected, it may be difficult to breathe deeply.

CAUSES 
particular gene known as HLA-B27

SIGN AND SYMPTOM 

• Pain and stiffness. Constant pain and stiffness in the low back, buttocks, and hips.. Spondylitis often starts around the sacroiliac joints, where the sacrum (the lowest major part of the spine) joins the ilium bone of the pelvis in the lower back region.
• Bony fusion. Ankylosing spondylitis can cause an overgrowth of the bones, which may lead to abnormal joining of bones, called "bony fusion." 
• Pain in ligaments and tendons. Spondylitis also may affect some of the ligaments and tendons that attach to bones. Tendonitis (inflammation of the tendon).
• Khypotic posture.
• Breathing problem

mysthenia Gravis

MYSTHENIA GRAVIS

a rare chronic autoimmune disease marked by muscular weakness without atrophy, and caused by a defect in the action of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions.

SIGN AND SYMPTOM

Eye muscles

• Drooping of one or both eyelids (ptosis).
• Double vision (diplopia), which may be horizontal or vertical, and improves or resolves when one eye is closed.

Face and throat muscles 

• Altered speaking. Your speech may sound very soft or nasal, depending upon which muscles have been affected.
• Difficulty swallowing. You may choke very easily, which makes it difficult to eat, drink or take pills. In some cases, liquids you're trying to swallow may come out your nose.
• Problems chewing. The muscles used for chewing may wear out halfway through a meal, particularly if you've been eating something hard to chew, such as steak.
• Limited facial expressions. Your family members may comment that you've "lost your smile" if the muscles that control your facial expressions have been affected 

Neck and limb muscles

-weakness in your neck, arms and legs 

carpal tunnel syndrome

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

DEFINITION
a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by compression of a major nerve where it passes over the carpal bones through a passage at the front of the wrist, alongside the flexor tendons of the hand. It may be caused by repetitive movements over a long period, or by fluid retention, and is characterized by sensations of tingling, numbness, or burning.

SIGN AND SYMPTOM
1)Tingling or numbness. You may experience tingling and numbness in your fingers or           hand, especially your thumb and index, middle or ring fingers, but not your little finger
2)Weakness. You may experience weakness in your hand and a tendency to drop objec

CAUSES

• a family history of CTS
• pregnancy – up to about 50% of pregnant women develop CTS
• injuries to the wrist
• other health conditions, such as diabetes and rheumathoid arthritis
• strenuous, repetitive work with the hand
  

motor neuron disorder

MOTOR NEURON DISEASE

DEFINITION
Motor neuron disease (MND) is a serious and incurable form of progressive neurodegeneration - over time the nerves in the spine and brain progressively lose function. In the case of motor neuron disease, motor neurons - types of nerve cells - are affected. 

There are different forms of motor neuron disease

• ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is the most common form and accounts for approximately 60% to 70% of all cases.


• PBP (progressive bulbar palsy) accounts for about 20% of all cases.


• PMA (progressive muscular atrophy) accounts for the remaining 10% of cases

supraspinatus tendonitis

SUPRASPINATUS TENDONITIS

DEFINITION

Supraspinatus tendinitis is an inflammation of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle. This problem is often seen in the general population and a predisposing factor is resistive overuse.Supraspinatus is the most frequently involvedtendon.

SYMPTOM

• Sudden tearing pain in the shoulder (Injury)
• Gradual onset of pain when raising the arm
• Pain in the shoulder during sleep or at rest
• Pain when the shoulder is rotated in
• Pain when the arm is lifted to the side
• Stiffness in the shoulder

Plantar fascitiis

PLANTAR FASCIITIS

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If your first few steps out of bed in the morning cause severe pain in the heel of your foot, you may have plantar fasciitis (fashee-EYE-tiss), an overuse injury that affects the sole of the foot. A diagnosis of plantar fasciitis means you have inflamed the tough, fibrous band of tissue (fascia) connecting your heel bone to the base of your toes.

You're more likely to develop the condition if you're female, overweight or have a job that requires a lot of walking or standing on hard surfaces. You're also at risk if you walk or run for exercise, especially if you have tight calf muscles that limit how far you can flex your ankles. People with very flat feet or very high arches also are more prone to plantar fasciitis.

The condition typically starts gradually with mild pain at the heel bone often referred to as a stone bruise. You're more likely to feel it after (not during) exercise. The pain classically occurs right after getting up in the morning and after a period of sitting.

If you don't treat plantar fasciitis, it may become a chronic condition. You may not be able to keep up your level of activity, and you may develop symptoms of foot, knee, hip and back problems because plantar fasciitis can change the way you walk.

Plantar Fascia-Specific Stretching Program

1. Cross your affected leg over your other leg.
2. Using the hand on your affected side, take hold of your affected foot and pull your toes back towards shin. This creates tension/stretch in the arch of the foot/plantar fascia.
3. Check for the appropriate stretch position by gently rubbing the thumb of your unaffected side left to right over the arch of the affected foot. The plantar fascia should feel firm, like a guitar string.
4. Hold the stretch for a count of 10. A set is 10 repetitions.

SCIATIC NERVE COMPRESSION

DEFINITION 

Sciatica refers to pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which branches from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg. Typically, sciatica affects only one side of your body.

Common symptoms of sciatica include:

• Pain in the rear or leg that is worse when sitting.
• Burning or tingling down the leg.
• Weakness, numbness, or difficulty moving the leg or foot.
• A constant pain on one side of the rear.
• A shooting pain that makes it difficult to stand up.

Shoulder Dislocation

SHOULDER DISLOCATED


DEFINITION

A dislocated shoulder is an injury in which your upper arm bone pops out of the cup-shaped socket that's part of your shoulder blade. The shoulder is the body's most mobile joint, which makes it susceptible to dislocation.

If you suspect a dislocated shoulder, seek prompt medical attention. Most people regain full shoulder function within a few weeks. However, once you've had a dislocated shoulder, your joint may become unstable and be prone to repeat dislocations

Abaut Multiple Sclerosis

 WHAT IS MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

a chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord,

SIGN AND SYMPTOM OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Early Symptoms of MS

• Blurred or double vision.
• Thinking problems.
• Clumsiness or a lack of coordination.
• Loss of balance.
• Numbness.
• Tingling.
• Weakness in an arm or leg.

Total Knee Replacement

TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT

DEFINITION

Knee replacement surgery — also known as knee arthroplasty (ARTH-row-plas-tee) — can help relieve pain and restore function in severely diseased knee joints. During knee replacement, a surgeon cuts away damaged bone and cartilage from your thighbone, shinbone and kneecap and replaces it with an artificial joint made of metal alloys, high-grade plastics and polymers.

The first artificial knees were little more than crude hinges. Now, you and your doctor can choose from a variety of designs that take into account your age, weight, activity level and overall health. Most knee replacement joints attempt to act like your knee, with its ability to roll and glide as it bends

DEFINITION ABAUT BRACHIAL PLEXUS

DEFINITION OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS

The brachial plexus is the network of nerves that sends signals from your spine to your shoulder, arm and hand. A brachial plexus injury occurs when these nerves are stretched, compressed, or in the most serious cases, ripped apart or torn away from the spinal cord.

Minor brachial plexus injuries, known as stingers or burners, are common in contact sports, such as football. Babies sometimes sustain brachial plexus injuries during birth. Other conditions, such as inflammation or tumors, may affect the brachial plexus.

The most severe brachial plexus injuries usually result from auto or motorcycle accidents. Severe brachial plexus injuries can leave your arm paralyzed, with a loss of function and sensation. Surgical procedures such as nerve grafts, nerve transfers or muscle transfers can help restore function.

Muscular dystrophy

Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. In muscular dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle.

There are many different kinds of muscular dystrophy. Symptoms of the most common variety begin in childhood, primarily in boys. Other types don't surface until adulthood.

Some people who have muscular dystrophy will eventually lose the ability to walk. Some may have trouble breathing or swallowing.

There is no cure for muscular dystrophy. But medications and therapy can help manage symptoms and slow the course of the disease.