Total Hip Replacement

Anatomy

The hip is one of the body's largest joints. It is a ball-and-socket joint. The socket is formed by the acetabulum, which is part of the large pelvis bone. The ball is the femoral head, which is the upper end of the femur (thighbone).

The bone surfaces of the ball and socket are covered with articular cartilage, a smooth tissue that cushions the ends of the bones and enables them to move easily.

A thin tissue called synovial membrane surrounds the hip joint. In a healthy hip, this membrane makes a small amount of fluid that lubricates the cartilage and eliminates almost all friction during hip movement.

Bands of tissue called ligaments (the hip capsule) connect the ball to the socket and provide stability to the joint.

Normal hip anatomy.

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Common Causes of Hip Pain

The most common cause of chronic hip pain and disability is arthritis. Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and traumatic arthritis are the most common forms of this disease.

• Osteoarthritis. This is an age-related "wear and tear" type of arthritis. It usually occurs in people 50 years of age and older and often in individuals with a family history of arthritis. The cartilage cushioning the bones of the hip wears away. The bones then rub against each other, causing hip pain and stiffness. Osteoarthritis may also be caused or accelerated by subtle irregularities in how the hip developed in childhood.
• Rheumatoid arthritis. This is an autoimmune disease in which the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickened. This chronic inflammation can damage the cartilage, leading to pain and stiffness. Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common type of a group of disorders termed "inflammatory arthritis."
• Post-traumatic arthritis. This can follow a serious hip injury or fracture. The cartilage may become damaged and lead to hip pain and stiffness over time.
• Avascular necrosis. An injury to the hip, such as a dislocation or fracture, may limit the blood supply to the femoral head. This is called avascular necrosis (also commonly referred to as "osteonecrosis"). The lack of blood may cause the surface of the bone to collapse, and arthritis will result. Some diseases can also cause avascular necrosis.
• Childhood hip disease. Some infants and children have hip problems. Even though the problems are successfully treated during childhood, they may still cause arthritis later on in life. This happens because the hip may not grow normally, and the joint surfaces are affected.

Mallet finger

MALLET FINGER

WHAT IS MALLET FINGER ??

Mallet finger is an injury to the end of the finger that causes it to bend in the direction of the palm.

SIGN AND SYMPTOM 

Symptoms may include the following:

• Pain, tenderness, and swelling at the outermost joint immediately after the injury
• Swelling and redness soon after the injury
• Inability to completely extend the finger while still being able to move it with help

  What causes of mallet finger?

  The usual cause is an injury to the end of the finger. The injury tears the the tendon that straightens (extends) the end of the finger.
  It is sometimes called baseball finger, as it is a common injury when trying to catch a fast, hard ball. If the catch is missed slightly then the ball hits the straight finger. This may force the end of the finger to bend (flex) further than normal and tear the tendon. Without the use of this tendon, the finger stays bent (flexed).

PHYSIOTHERAPY DAY'S 2016!!!

On 16th & 17th of february 2016 , Wong Medical Centre will having an Open Physiotherapy Day.
There will be various activities regarding health and wellness , also blood donation by
 Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun.
do come and join us...
#wong medical centre ipoh,perak, Malaysia

Hallux Valgus Deformity

 WHAT IS HALLUX VALGUS DEFORMITY ??

it is deformity of the joint connecting the big toe to the foot and is known as a hallux abducto valgus. Also  described as an enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the bottom of the big toe (known as the metatarsophalangeal joint).

 HOW TO KNOW IF YOU HAVE THIS CONDITION

• irritated skin around the bunion
•  pain when walking
• joint redness and pain

CAUSES

 Bunions develop when the pressures of bearing and shifting your weight fall unevenly on the joints and tendons in your feet. This imbalance in pressure makes your big toe joint unstable, eventually molding the parts of the joint into a hard knob that juts out beyond the normal shape of your foot.

Experts disagree on whether tight, high-heeled or too-narrow shoes cause bunions or whether footwear simply contributes to bunion development. Other causes include:

• Inherited foot type
• Foot injuries
• Deformities present at birth (congenital)

Achilies Tendon Rupture

ACHILIES TENDON RUPTURE

DEFINITION
Achilles tendon rupture is when the achilles tendon breaks. The achilles is the most commonly injured tendon. Rupture can occur while performing actions requiring explosive acceleration, such as pushing off or jumping.

SYMPTOM 

• ain, possibly severe, and swelling near your heel
• An inability to bend your foot downward or "push off" the injured leg when you walk
• An inability to stand on your toes on the injured leg
• A popping or snapping sound when the injury occurs

CAUSES 

• Increasing the intensity of sports participation, especially in sports that involve jumping
• Falling from a height
• Stepping into a hole

Athrogyposis multipex congenita

ARTHROGRYPOSIS  MULTIPEX CONGINITA

DEFINITION
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), or simply arthrogryposis, describes congenital joint contractures in two or more areas of the body.

TYPES OF ATHROGYPOSIS 

• -Disorders involving mainly the person's limbs, such as their legs and arms
• -Disorders involving the person's limbs, as well as additional areas of their body
• -Disorders including limb involvement and the person's central nervous system
• SIGN AND SYMPTOM 
• -Thin, weak (atrophied), stiff or missing muscles
• -Stiff joints due to extra tissue (fibrosis or fibrous ankylosis)
• -Differences in the skin around their joints, such as webbing
• -Hook joint 
• 
  

CAUSES

-Abnormal development of muscles

-Insufficient room in the uterus for normal movement

-Malformations of the central nervous system (the brain and/or spinal cord)

-Tendons, bones, joints or joint linings may develop abnormally

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Heel pain testimony

Amputation

AMPUTATION

DEFINITION
Amputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene.

CAUSES 
-Trauma 
-Diabetic
-Circulatory Disorder 
-Trauma

TYPE OF AMNPUTATION 

Hydrocephalus

HYDROCEPHALUS

DEFINITION
Hydrocephalus is a build-up of fluid on the brain. The excess fluid puts pressure on the brain, which can damage it.

TYPE OF HYDROCEPHALUS

• hydrocephalus that's present at birth (congenital hydrocephalus)
• hydrocephalus that develops after birth (acquired hydrocephalus)
• hydrocephalus that usually only develops in older people (normal pressure 
• hydrocephalus or NPH)

SIGN AND SYMPTOM

• headache
• being sick
• blurred vision
• difficulty walking

Perthes Disease

Perthes Disease

Perthes disease is a rare childhood condition that affects the hip. It occurs when the blood supply to the rounded head of the femur (thighbone) is temporarily disrupted. Without an adequate blood supply, the bone cells die, a process called avascular necrosis.

Although the term "disease" is still used, Perthes is really a complex process of stages that can last several years. As the condition progresses, the weakened bone of the head of the femur (the "ball" of the "ball-and-socket" joint of the hip) gradually begins to break apart. Over time, the blood supply to the head of the femur returns and the bone begins to grow back.

Treatment for Perthes focuses on helping the bone grow back into a more rounded shape that still fits into the socket of the hip joint. This will help the hip joint move normally and prevent hip problems in adulthood.

The long-term prognosis for children with Perthes is good in most cases. After 18 months to 2 years of treatment, most children return to daily activities without major limitations.

The hip is a "ball-and-socket" joint. The rounded head of the femur easily fits into the cup-shaped acetabulum to allow for a wide range of motion.

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Ankylosing Spondylitis

DEFINITION
Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory disease that can cause some of the vertebrae in your spine to fuse together. This fusing makes the spine less flexible and can result in a hunched-forward posture. If ribs are affected, it may be difficult to breathe deeply.

CAUSES 
particular gene known as HLA-B27

SIGN AND SYMPTOM 

• Pain and stiffness. Constant pain and stiffness in the low back, buttocks, and hips.. Spondylitis often starts around the sacroiliac joints, where the sacrum (the lowest major part of the spine) joins the ilium bone of the pelvis in the lower back region.
• Bony fusion. Ankylosing spondylitis can cause an overgrowth of the bones, which may lead to abnormal joining of bones, called "bony fusion." 
• Pain in ligaments and tendons. Spondylitis also may affect some of the ligaments and tendons that attach to bones. Tendonitis (inflammation of the tendon).
• Khypotic posture.
• Breathing problem

mysthenia Gravis

MYSTHENIA GRAVIS

a rare chronic autoimmune disease marked by muscular weakness without atrophy, and caused by a defect in the action of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions.

SIGN AND SYMPTOM

Eye muscles

• Drooping of one or both eyelids (ptosis).
• Double vision (diplopia), which may be horizontal or vertical, and improves or resolves when one eye is closed.

Face and throat muscles 

• Altered speaking. Your speech may sound very soft or nasal, depending upon which muscles have been affected.
• Difficulty swallowing. You may choke very easily, which makes it difficult to eat, drink or take pills. In some cases, liquids you're trying to swallow may come out your nose.
• Problems chewing. The muscles used for chewing may wear out halfway through a meal, particularly if you've been eating something hard to chew, such as steak.
• Limited facial expressions. Your family members may comment that you've "lost your smile" if the muscles that control your facial expressions have been affected 

Neck and limb muscles

-weakness in your neck, arms and legs 

carpal tunnel syndrome

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

DEFINITION
a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by compression of a major nerve where it passes over the carpal bones through a passage at the front of the wrist, alongside the flexor tendons of the hand. It may be caused by repetitive movements over a long period, or by fluid retention, and is characterized by sensations of tingling, numbness, or burning.

SIGN AND SYMPTOM
1)Tingling or numbness. You may experience tingling and numbness in your fingers or           hand, especially your thumb and index, middle or ring fingers, but not your little finger
2)Weakness. You may experience weakness in your hand and a tendency to drop objec

CAUSES

• a family history of CTS
• pregnancy – up to about 50% of pregnant women develop CTS
• injuries to the wrist
• other health conditions, such as diabetes and rheumathoid arthritis
• strenuous, repetitive work with the hand